The Theory Of Operant Conditioning - 869 Words

Introduction Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise - Benjamin Franklin (Franklin, n.d.). While this may hold true for an adult, I have rarely witnessed any young child worth their stubbornness eager to go to bed! My person of interest for this assignment is one of our refugee children, three and a half-year old Gertrude to whom I will apply the theory of operant conditioning to get her to meet a scheduled bed time. Her Mother is facing a steep learning curve with respect to; second language, new cultural, a newborn with a serious disease and isolated from her family (UK and Congo). It is of the utmost importance that we have Gertrude’s behaviour changed to ease the transition to Canada. Discussion Operant conditioning is happening in our everyday lives, it can be found at work, school and at home. Myers (2005, 236) stated, â€Å"It is a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher†. (Woods, Woods, Boyd, Wood Desmaris 2014) stated that behaviour that is reinforced with a reward will more likely be repeated. The desired response that I am looking for is Gertrude willingly gets ready for and in bed by 7:30 pm on the weekdays and 8:00 pm on the weekends. Woods et al (2014, p.136) stated, â€Å"A reinforcer is anything that strengthens a response or increases the probability that the response will occur†. In the chart below I have detailed the reinforcers that will be used as weShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1489 Words   |  6 PagesOperant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning where people or animals change their behavior because of the reinforcement given after a desired response. A good example of operant conditioning is, a teacher giving five percent of the marks to students, who have good attendance. The theory is useful in teaching programmed instructions, where the information is given in small bits to reinforce the responses (Litow Pumroy, 1975). Additionally, the theory can help in shaping students’Read MoreTheory of Operant Conditioning933 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Operant Conditioning Instrumental conditioning, otherwise known as operant conditioning is a theory that B.F Skinner came up with and is defined as a learning process by which the consequence of an operant response affects the likelihood of the response recurring in the future. Basically, operant conditioning is a stimulus response prototype that when reinforced, conditions individuals or organisms response to a desired behavior (Huitt, W., Hummel, J., 1997) Our behaviors are shapedRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pages The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning989 Words   |  4 PagesOperant Conditioning: Procrastination The principals of operant conditioning, teaches how having certain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated majority of their lives to the study. Thorndike’s theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggest that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other. His experiment worked by placing a catRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1792 Words   |  8 PagesIn the textbook operant conditioning can be defined as â€Å"the control of behavior through manipulation of rewards and punishments in the environment, particularly the laboratory environment† (Cervone Pervin, 2013). B.F. skinner who created the operant conditioning procedure believed that all humans are controlled by the environments that they experience and that by changing the environment it is possible to reinforce a behavior that benefits e veryone (Cervone Pervin, 2013). Skinner also believedRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1934 Words   |  8 Pagesat the theory of Operant Conditioning and all the many aspects that go along with it. This theory of Operant Conditioning by B. F. Skinner is a great guideline that can be used in the classroom. Operant Conditioning is definitely a theory that can change the way a classroom is ran. Throughout this paper we will see what behaviorism is and what operant conditioning is as a whole, along with the educational implications of this theory. Biographical Background of (Theorist) The theory of Operant ConditioningRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1212 Words   |  5 PagesOperant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. TheRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagescame up with the idea of what is known as operant conditioning (Rholetter, 2013). Operant conditioning is one of two theories in learning that illustrates behaviorism (Kretchmar, 2015). It is according to Rholetter (2013), â€Å"the idea that behavior is the learned result of consequences†. Skinner believed that learning during operant conditioning is done based upon the outcome of a given situation (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 91). His operant conditioning theory is constructed on reinforcements consistingRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesalso. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to extern al stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Behaviorism And Operant Conditioning895 Words   |  4 Pages B.F Skinner Renowned American psychologist B.F. Skinner, well known for his theory on behaviorism and operant conditioning. He was the most influential 20th - century psychologist. His works includes â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms† (1938) which was about the results in his experiment with operant conditioning, and a novel based on his theories â€Å"Walden† (1948). He was not only a psychologist he was a behaviorist, teacher, author, inventor, and a social philosopher as well. Born as Burrhus Frederic

The Wave “Research the original story” Free Essays

The movie ‘The wave’ is based on a true story that occurred at Cubberely High School, Palo Alto, California. The point of the wave was to experiment and to demonstrate how a typical democratic society can be ‘fascism’. This experiment was performed by Ron Jones; his stage name in the movie was Mr Wegner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wave: â€Å"Research the original story† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both men were well-known as history teachers and this experiment was introduced as a trial in April 1967 and went horribly wrong. As he failed to get his point across in class, he decided to try an experiment. This experiment began by starting the group called ‘The Third Wave’ in his history class; he told the students that the whole point of it was to remove democracy. Ron Jones tried explaining why the Jews were lead to their death; these deaths were committed by the Germans/Nazi (holocaust). Ron Jones’s main point that he appointed was â€Å"Strength through discipline, strength through community, strength through action, strength through pride†. The students soon realised that Democracy puts stress on individuality, which later made these students more interested to remove it from their group ‘The Third Wave’. On the first day of the experiment the group was just going through some ground rules and having discussion. The experiment only intended on being a one day thing but the students were drawn in and wanted to make this over a week. The second day was going over discipline, and this is when the name ‘The Third Wave’ came into it. The name â€Å"The Third Wave†, mis-stating the mythical belief that the third in a series of ocean waves is last and largest (which comes from a traditional sailors’ saying that the ninth wave is the largest, as recited in Tennyson’s The Coming of Arthur). They ended the day by inventing a salute, which was to resemble the topic of the Nazi regime, and how to obey the leader and his commands. To show respect to the ‘leader’ the students had to stand if a question was raised. By the third day more students were moving to Ron Jones class, the class expanded from 30 students to 43. The students were improving on their academic skills and their attitude towards school. The students became attached to the group ‘The third Wave’ when they were given a members card and all got a task given to complete. The students felt like they belonged to something, many for the first time in their lives. By the end of the day ‘The Third wave’ had over 200 members. Ron Jones was amazed by the commitment and motivation from the students. The students started taking the experiment seriously and students started reporting others when rules were being broken, By Thursday Ron Jones had decided to stop the movement due to it slipping out of his control. The students became so attached; emotionally and physically, this became an issue. Ron Jones announced to the group that the movement was a part of a nationwide movement, and that on the following day a selected member of the wave would announce publicly the existence of ‘The Third Wave’. Ron jones made it clear to all students, that the attendance of the meeting held the next day was compulsory. In the meeting that was held on the Friday, Ron Jones announced to ‘The Third Wave’ that they had actually taken part in a fascism group without even knowing. He explained to them, how easy it is to turn a democracy society into fascism without the students even being aware of their actions. He then followed by showing a movie about the Nazi regime, the students then realised that the groups’ attitude was a lot like the Nazi’s attitude and that Democracy is extremely important. In the movie and books it suggests that Ron Jones was arrested but in fact he wasn’t, he was just fired from the job 2 years later. Ron Jones didn’t expect the experiment to get so out of hand. The story line of ‘The Third Wave’ caught the eye of many film writers and authors; later on it became a much more dramatic storyline. How to cite The Wave: â€Å"Research the original story†, Essays

Duty Off Care Unit free essay sample

In my day to day routine have the to fill in daily charts which are called hourly checks and turn charts I also have other charts I fill in throughout the ay which include the following hourly checks repositioning charts diet and nutrient charts negative pressure charts toileting chart all these charts have to be to be filled in correctly and recording daily, we also have special trained staff around the building i. E. Nurses to administrate medication. 1. Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals: Duty of care ensures that patients are protected from harm and are kept safe from abuse by staff, other patients, family and friends. Have received specific raining regarding safeguarding and this makes it clear that my duty of care is to report and record all relevant information related to unprofessional conduct or behavior that may contribute to abuse. This may be perpetrated by a colleague or any other person who has contact with the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Duty Off Care Unit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This procedure ensures that I am protected and feel confident to report my suspicions and protects the patient and keeps them safe. 2. 1 Describe 3 potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individuals rights: A patient may refuse to participate in an assessment that will determine true support, this is their right and it is my duty of care to respect this decision. However, in the best interests of the patient I would provide them with information as to why they should undergo the assessment and then Offer them the opportunity to participate in the assessment at a later time.I would then report their decision to the Lead TO and record the information on their notes. There may be occasions when a patient may refuse to take their medication or follow rules which may be more serious and place them and others in danger. Throughout the process would take into account the tenants best interests, their individual rights and consider their mental capacity 2. 2 Describe how to manage risks assessments associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individuals rights and duty off care: Effective communication is a vital factor in ensuring that the risks associated with conflict and dilemmas are managed well.Information recording is a key aspect of this communication and ensures that the patients and your observations and views are known. This enables informed and open communication between the patient and the professional ensuring that the tenants rights and best interests are at the forefront. 2. 3 Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas: Additional advice and support regarding conflicts and dilemmas can be obtained from the Lead TO, Ward TO and other professionals with the setting.In addition to this further information can be obtained from family members. Information and knowledge can be developed from sources outside of the setting and include, training, assessor, internet and professionals organizations that are advocates for the patient. 3. Describe how to respond to complains: When a complaint has been received it is imperative that it is handled quickly and effectively. An informal complaint can usually be resolved quickly without the need to escalate to a formal complaint.The patient should be assured that their complaint is valid and important. All complaints should be logged and reported to a senior member of staff. It is important to listen to the patient and record their views and discuss the event and offer ideas that will resolve the complaint satisfactorily for the patient. If the complaint is of a ore serious nature or an informal complaint has not been resolved satisfactorily it should be escalated to a formal complaint.As with the informal complaint a formal complaint should be handled swiftly by listening to the patient and recording their feelings and views and all points should be considered. By following this process it enables procedures and processes to be developed and improved 3. 2 Explain the main points of your organizations procedures for handling complaints: The first action to be taken when a patient has made a complaint is to listen o their grievance and record the facts taking into consideration their views and feelings.This report should be provided to the senior member of staff who will then attempt to resolve the issue as quickly as possible. If necessary the complaint may need to be passed to the designated safeguarding officer who will escalate the complaint. All complaints are taken seriously and dealt with swiftly to ensure a p rofessional level of service and making sure that the patients are safeguarded and that their best interests are being looked after ensuring that staff is providing a duty of care.

Labor Unions And Nursing Essays - Trade Unions In The United States

Labor Unions And Nursing The American Labor movement in the United States has a history dating back to the beginnings of the industrial revolution. Its existence is due to poor working conditions and exploitation during the beginning of that time. Labor unions have had a long history of using their most powerful weapon, strikes, to fight their battles. Even today, with the diminishing numbers of union members, strikes appear in the news sporadically. History of Labor Unions The first strike is thought to be by printers in Philadelphia in 1786 (Maidment, 1997). Working conditions, pay and benefits were so poor, leaders in the southern United States used them to justify slavery. Their contention was that slaves were treated better than the workers were in the North. (Maidment, 1997) Unions attempt to rectify poor working conditions, pay and benefits through collective bargaining. An individual has very little power when negotiating with an employer, however many individuals, collectively have the power to achieve results through bargaining and negotiating. The ultimate bargaining tool that the collective bargaining unit has is the right to strike. Strikes The United States has the most violent and bloodiest labor history of any industrialized country (Foner, Garraty, 1991). In 1850, police killed two New York tailors while attempting to disperse strikers. These were the first of over seven hundred documented caused by strike-related violence. In 1913, National Guardsmen attacked striking Colorado miners known as the Ludlow Massacre. In 1937, police killed Ten Chicago steelworkers during a strike, which came to be known as the Memorial Day Massacre. More commonly, though, strike related deaths are attributed to lessor known confrontations. Strikes in the United States are generally linked to the business cycle. Strikes are more common when unemployment is low with the lowest strike rate being during the Great Depression. The first American strikes in the late 1700's and early 1800's were by shoemakers, printers, and carpenters led by their trade societies and were generally effective because of the limited labor pool skilled in those trades. The strikers simply refused to work until their pay demands were met. The strikes were generally short, peaceful and successful. Successful litigation by employers inhibited the spread of these strikes and the trade societies. After an economic upturn in the 1820s, strike activity was revived. Throughout the 1800s, strike activity continued to wax and wane based on economic conditions. Women participated in strikes as early as the 1820s. After the Civil War, the labor movement started to more closely resemble today's labor movement. In order to discourage strikes, instead of unilaterally setting wages and striking, unions started negotiating with employers, addressing wages, work rules, hours and grievances. This method of ?arbitration? led to binding contracts between the collective bargaining units and the employers. The Knights of Labor, the most important labor organization of the 1800s, discouraged strikes. Mediation Union leaders, particularly those in the craft unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), continued to question the efficacy of strikes in the early 1900s. Instead of strikes, the craft unions turned to private mediation groups to help settle disputes. In mediation, ?the third party assists the negotiators in their discussions and also suggests settlement proposals.? (Mathis, Jackson, 2000) An expansion of the union movement was created by four years of depression in the 1930s. The violent strikes by autoworkers, truckers, longshoremen and textile workers in 1934 sparked the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA). The NLRA is the law governing relations between unions and employers in the private sector. It guarantees the right of employees to organize and to bargain collectively with employers. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent federal agency created by Congress, which administers the NLRA. Under the direction of the NLRB, strikes continued in the 1940s (after WWII) and while some were very long, most were peaceful. The NLRB saw to it that employers who were legally obligated to bargain with unions, did so. In addition, strikers were given legal protection. In the 1950s the number of strikes dropped sharply, as the relationships between unions and employers became more predictable. The 1960s saw a rise in public employee strikes (teachers, transit workers and other local government workers) and in 1970,

Direct and Indirect Competition Essay Example

Direct and Indirect Competition Essay Example Direct and Indirect Competition Paper Direct and Indirect Competition Paper Essay Topic: Competition The water Industry as many other industries has direct and Indirect competitors; the direct competitors are companies that are producing the same line of products and Indirect competitors are the ones that are selling something that your customers or potential buyers may use as an alternate or substitute of your products. An example of direct competitor is Seychelles Water Filtration company, they are a fast growing water company. They have complete portable water filtration products and brands in North America and world wide with breakthrough technology. Seychelles have a similar water filtration water bottle with a flip top and advanced water filter. They claimed that removes 99. 99% of pollutants up to 100 gallons. They package includes water bottle, 100 gallon filter and an insulated sleeve that can be attached to a belt or a back pack. Each bottle uses BAA -free low-density polyethylene, FDA approved for food products. Summary emergency food storage is another company that is a direct competitor, they are one of the united Kingdom and Europe largest and most trusted emergency preparedness company producing the life saver bottle with 100% filtration, the product Includes 4000 IF bottle, a carbon activated filter and a pre-filter disk. This bottle complies with all British, US and European drinking water regulations. Katydid is another direct competitor they offer a wide variety of water filtration and purification products with their headquarters in Kampuchea near Zurich, Switzerland, with offices in US, Europe and Singapore with a global market share exceeding 50 percent. They have been in business for more than 80 years and got into the water treatment sector since 2009. They have similar product My bottle microfilmed, it is a multi-purpose filtration system, that meets EPA guidelines for the removal of bacteria. Each bottle includes drinking straw, Internal carbon filter that cleans up to 100 liters depending on water quality. Indirect competitors are the beverage manufacturers, water bottlers, coffee and tea makers and even the utility companies that send water to your tap. Direct and indirect competition By glaziers The water industry as many other industries has direct and indirect competitors; the indirect competitors are the ones that are selling something that your customers or food products. Aquamarine emergency food storage is another company that is a direct competitor, they are one of the United Kingdom and Europe largest and most trusted filtration, the product includes 4000 IF bottle, a carbon activated filter and a pre-filter removal of bacteria.

The Changing Definition of African-American History

The Changing Definition of African-American History Since the origins of the field in the late 19th century, scholars have devised more than one definition of what constitutes African-American history. Some intellectuals have viewed the field as an extension or corollary to American history. Some have stressed the influence of Africa on African-American history, and others have viewed African-American history as vital to black liberation and power. Late 19th Century Definition An Ohio lawyer and minister, George Washington Williams, published the first serious work of African-American history in 1882. His work, History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, began with the arrival of the first slaves in the North American colonies and concentrated on the major events in American history that involved or affected African-Americans. Washington, in his Note to volume two of his opus, said that he intended to lift the Negro race to its pedestal in American history as well as to instruct the present, inform the future. During this period of history, most African Americans, like Frederick Douglass, stressed their identities as Americans and did not look to Africa as a source of history and culture, according to historian Nell Irvin Painter. This was true of historians like Washington as well, but during the early decades of the 20th century and especially during the Harlem Renaissance, African-Americans, including historians, began to celebrate Africas history as their own. The Harlem Renaissance, or The New Negro Movement W.E.B. Du Bois was the foremost African-American historian during this period. In works like The Souls of Black Folk, he stressed African-American history as the confluence of three different cultures: African, American and African-American. Du Bois historical works, such as The Negro (1915), framed the history of black Americans as starting in Africa. One of Du Boiss contemporaries, historian Carter G. Woodson, created the forerunner of todays Black History MonthNegro History Weekin 1926. While Woodson felt that Negro History Week should emphasize the influence black Americans had on U.S. history, he too in his historical works looked back to Africa. William Leo Hansberry, a  professor at Howard University from 1922 to 1959, developed this trend even further by describing African-American history as the experience of the African diaspora. During the Harlem Renaissance, artists, poets, novelists, and musicians also looked toward Africa as a source of history and culture. Artist Aaron Douglas, for instance,  regularly used African themes in his paintings and murals. Black Liberation and African-American History In the 1960s and 1970s, activists and intellectuals, like Malcolm X, saw African-American history as an essential component of black liberation and power. In a 1962 speech, Malcolm explained: The thing that has made the so-called Negro in America fail, more than any other thing, is your, my, lack of knowledge concerning history. We know less about history than anything else. As Pero Dagbovie argues in African American History Reconsidered, many black intellectuals and scholars, such as Harold Cruse, Sterling Stuckey, and Vincent Harding, agreed with Malcolm that African-Americans needed to understand their past in order to seize the future. Contemporary Era White academia finally accepted African-American history as a legitimate field in the 1960s. During that decade, many universities and colleges began to offer classes and programs in African-American studies and history. The field exploded, and American history textbooks began to incorporate African-American history (as well as womens and Native American history) into their standard narratives. As a sign of the increasing visibility and importance of the field of African-American history, President Gerald Ford declared February to be Black History Month in 1974. Since then, both black and white historians have built on the work of earlier African-American historians, exploring the influence of Africa on the lives of African-Americans, creating the field of black womens history and revealing the myriad ways in which the story of the United States is the story of race relations. History has expanded to include the working class, women, Native Americans and Hispanic Americans in addition to the experiences of African-Americans. Black  history, as practiced today, is interconnected with all of these other sub-fields in U.S. history. Many of todays historians would probably agree with Du Bois inclusive definition of African-American history as the interaction among African, American and African-American peoples and cultures. Sources Dagbovie, Pero. African American History Reconsidered. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2010.Painter, Nell Irvin. Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1883.  X, Malcolm. Black Mans History. 1962 speech.

Hummer, BMW, and Corolla's Brand Personalities Coursework - 2

Hummer, BMW, and Corolla's Brand Personalities - Coursework Example Hummer has a rugged image but to enhance their sales, they decided to change the brand personality to attract the youth and the women. Corolla has a dull image but is keen to give up its conservative approach which projects nothing except dependability. BMW gives rise to feelings of sophistication and yearning and hence is preferred by the wealthy and those who seek importance. It is hence recommended that brand owners should first segment their target market and try to understand the needs of their segment. This would help them design the features as per their requirement and hence would be more appealing to the customers. At the same time, the same brand can appeal to more than one segment and this can be done by appealing to their self-concept.Products and services today are imbued with personality characteristics and are recognized through these characteristics both by the consumers and the marketers. Marketers are trying to project an image of the brand that matches the personal ity of the individual consumer. They try to use marketing material such as advertisements and phrases so that the brand has an emotional appeal to the consumer. This becomes necessary because to buy a product the consumer must have an awareness of the brand. The brand would catch the consumer’s attention if he finds some similarities with his own requirements and personality. This led to the concept of brand personality which has been described by Aaker as a specific mix of human traits that are attributed to a particular brand.   Within a sector, different products and marketers apply different strategies to attract the right customer. Each product has its own specifications and hence they target a particular segment. Thus, the personality of the brand that is projected to the target segment must have similar characteristics and emotional appeal. This paper evaluates how three different automobile manufacturers project their brands to attract the right segment to enhance t heir sales. Online academic journals and some useful websites have been used to study the concept of brand personality in the automobile sector.  

Effects of Entire les Murs On Traditional French National Identity Essay

Effects of Entire les Murs On Traditional French National Identity - Essay Example This report stresses that someone who views this film for the first time may be obliged to have a negative attitude towards French culture due the fact that pupils are a force to learn it at schools. The fact that this teacher enjoys French does not mean that everybody will like it and failure to understand that will cause someone who might have been willing to learn the French culture to have second thoughts about it. If a certain pupil does not understand this language, then definitely he/she will assume that their culture is not that pleasing as well hence dislikes it. This paper makes a conclusion that the Entre les murs is a good representation of the French education system that has its guiding rules from the western ideas. However, these ideas have caused problems by affecting other cultural groups without taking into consideration their rights. Although public education is free in France and it has been every citizen's right to access it, the way it is made available violates other people's culture and rights. This is because the education system is public centralized and incorporates compulsory French language classes that are not liked by many. This film widely focuses on ethnicity and the failure of the French education system to incorporate other people's ethnicity into their system. If that were not possible, then the education system would try to avoid making the French culture compulsory to foreign students who were interested in learning in France.

The Supreme Court Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court Essay FACTS:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case involves the pupils in a Dade County Junior High School who have filed for damages and declaratory relief with regard to the allegations that the students were subjected to corporal punishment which violated their constitutional rights.   The school board argued in response that such corporal punishment was allowed under the regulations that were released authorizing such punishment to be carried out under strict specifications. ISSUES:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first issue here is whether or not the execution of such corporal punishment falls under the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment contained in the Eight Amendment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second issue in this case is whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment requires notice and hearing before the imposition of corporal punishment HELD:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anent the first issue, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause under the Eighth Amendment does not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in schools.   The Supreme Court reasoned that the jurisprudence has consistently maintained that the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment only applies to protect those who have been charged and convicted of crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the second issue, the Supreme Court held that notice and hearing is not required for the imposition of the corporal punishment in public schools.   The essential consideration in this matter is that the corporal punishment not exceed the limitations that have been set.

Stop Abortions Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pro Choice Life Essay

Stop Abortions On January 22, 1973 the court decision of Roe vs. Wade stated that approved processes of abortion are legalized until viability, which is the point at which the fetus is capable of surviving outside the mother’s body. The decision allows individual states to regulate or ban abortion after viability except, however, when necessary to protect the life or physical well-being of the mother (10 Important1). It has been almost thirty years since that solemn day where a nation, built on the natural right of life to all of its citizens, allowed the intentional and legal termination of an unborn child. Immediately after that event, opposition to the newfound law felt that it would have to appeal and overturn the decision within a short time to avoid the practice from becoming infused into the nation too firmly. As years passed the judicial system worsened the situation with less stringent regulations. Almost every third baby conceived in America is being terminated (Willke2). But as time passes America has realized that pro-life supporters are still fighting and making progress. Pro-choice advocates have spelled out many arguments campaigning against pro-lifers and attempting to justify this blatant destruction of a child. I will attempt to nullify the validity of these arguments to the students of State University and display alternatives to this inhumane practice. The decision of Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973 has been a terrible burden on the United States and should be seriously reconsidered. Abortion, specifically partial birth abortion, is a malicious act towards a living human that deserves life as much as a full grown adult. Abortion Methods As abortions became more and more prevalent in Ameri... ... of the methods of abortion so adoption should always be considered. Women want to be respected and feel that they have a right to choose as to whether they have a child or not. I say that why can we not respect them both: the mother and child? Why can we not show compassion for these women in this situation and love the child who is at stake as well. We must educate society of the alternatives to benefit all parties involved. Works Cited â€Å"10 Important Facts About Abortion.† Act Now. Dec 8 2002. â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion: Is it Really Happening?† Abortion Facts. Dec 8 2002. Willke, J.C. â€Å"25 Years of Loving Them Both.† Abortion Facts. July 1997. Dec 8 2002.

Sophocles’ antigone

Oedipus meets all the criteria of a tragic hero.   He is of noble birth with a character that is consistent throughout as a truth-seeker, always in quest of knowledge, and a riddle-solver wanting to be a savior of people; yet as every other person, he had his flaws, which reversed his prosperity.His intelligence and stateliness is worthy of that of a king, so his doom fills the readers with pity and fear, which is the essence of a tragedy.Though Oedipus realizes that fate had a hand in his doom, he knew he had his own flaws.A woman can also be a tragic hero so long as she meets the criteria set for a tragic hero, and Antigone meets all the criteria. Yet I consider Oedipus to be the best tragic hero here, he being glorious and his fall, dramatic.To go by Aristotle’s view, Antigone, Oedipus and Creon, all   meet the criteria of   being tragic heroes in that all of them face disastrous consequences because of certain fundamental flaws common to humanity.(3)Antigone strongly felt Creon should not interfere in matters relating to religion, andleaving the dead unburied was against the divine law.   She defies Creon and does notever regret it even in the face of death. Thus her remark, â€Å"I do not think your edicts strong enough to overrule the unwritten unalterable laws of God and heaven, you being only a man.†Creon on the other hand respects the rules of the state, and though he could have changed them, if he so chose, remains adamant that Polynice, her brother, be left to rot.   Ismene does not act emotionally.   She thinks twice about dying for the dead.Antigone’s views clashed with that of the others in that she failed to see the impact of her action on those around her, for instance Haemon.(4)The Greek view is that a tragic hero should ideally be a king so that his people also experience his fall.   He should be venerable but imperfect so that the audience may associate themselves with him.As great as the hero is, they feel his fall should be as great too, a calamity worthy of their hero.  Ã‚   But modern-day hero is not necessarily of royal birth. He can rise to glory by contributing positively to the society or the world at large, and unlike the tragic hero, who often dies or survives only to suffer, may even be victorious, and his flaws are not fatal.To quote Duane Lowry, a member of the American Political Historians Association, an American hero is â€Å"someone who embodies popular values and is the driving force behind an important social, political, or scientific change or transformation that lifts the spirit of America and betters the situation of the country.†

Urban design

Urban designOverviewWhat is built-up design?Urban conceive is the method of organizing the personal scene for life in towns, small towns and small towns. It is the art of doing topographic points. It engages the conceive of constructions, assemblies of constructions, infinites and countrysides, and puting up the methods that make booming development possible. Why are so legion locations so terribly designed? Why are the locations we are building so distinguishable from the locations we like? So legion new enlargement snuff out what makes a location exceptional and give the consequence of holding been conceived ( if that is the word! ) by person with no sense of what makes a booming topographic point. Why is so much development so terribly designed? The item that 84 per centum of planing entries are drawn up by person with no conceive instruction may hold certain thing to make with it. But being taught in conceive does non necessarily mean that the person to fault for the development will gestating certain thing that might do a booming topographic point. After all, they may non hold glimpsed that as their occupation. They may hold been gestating merely of restricted and short-run purposes: to build certain thing that the developer can cover rapidly ; or to help the edifice ‘s users, other than doing a more pleasing know-how for individuals transient by.The public involvement is broader, and longer term. Urban conceive petitions to individuals who are involved in more than merely the conceive of a solitary building or the concerns of a lone user. What gets built-up interior decorators out of bed in the morning is the difference of gestating a location that will be utilized and relished by a wide assortment of distinguishable individuals for distinguishable grounds, non merely now but in old ages to come.A new professionUrban conceive is one of the newest profe ssions. The grade ‘urban interior decorator ‘ is little more than 25 old ages old. Much of what built-up interior decorators do – organizing the locations where we reside – was finished by professionals of diverse types before so, but the occupation was glimpsed from the point of view of specific professions. Architects and contrivers utilised to postulate about the maps of their two professions. Architects would impeach contrivers of impeding with aesthetic personal businesss about which they were non trained to judge. Planners would impeach designers of gestating constructions entirely as things, with small attempt to take history of their context or of their expected influence on the milieus. In 1978 some designers and contrivers called a armistice. This adept sniping is unpointed, they said. We have certain thing in common: we are all in the endeavor of doing topographic points. That should be the basis of our employed together.Peoples with a missionThe Urban Design Group was formed, and shortly designers, contrivers, countryside designers, applied scientists, public originative persons and a assortment of other professionals were confirming their house promise to built-up design. Their aim was to alter how the natural environment was shaped. They contended that designers should be worried with the location, non merely with gestating a building to carry the client ‘s claims entirely. Planners should be worried, non merely with land usage, but with the personal form of development. Landscape architecture should be engaged in look intoing and groking sites at the start of the designing and conceive method, other than being conveyed in at a late phase to mask unattractive constructions with some planting. Highway applied scientists should utilize their abilities to do locations that are delighting to be in and to saunter through, other than concentrating narrowly on keeping the traffic traveling. Modern built-up conceive can be advised as portion of the broader control and regard of Urban planning. Indeed, Urban planing started as a action chiefly used by with personal businesss of built-up design. Works for illustration Ildefons Cerda ‘s General Theory of Urbanization ( 1867 ) , Camillo Sitte ‘s City Planning Harmonizing to Artistic Principles ( 1889 ) , and Robinson ‘s The Improvement of Cities and Towns ( 1901 ) and Modern Civic Art ( 1903 ) , all were chiefly worried with built-up conceive, as did the subsequent City Beautiful motion in North America. ‘Urban design ‘ was foremost utilized as a characteristic period when Harvard University hosted a sequence of Urban Design Conferences from 1956. These seminars supplied a phase for the commencing of Harvard ‘s Urban Design plan in 1959-60. The Hagiographas of Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Gordon Cullen and Christopher Alexander became important plants for the school of Urban Design. Gordon Cullen ‘s The Concise Townscape, foremost released in 1961, and moreover had a big purchase on legion built-up interior decorators. Cullen analyzed the customary originative attack to town conceive of theoreticians for illustration Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. He conceived the impression of ‘serial vision ‘ , characterizing the built-up countryside as a sequence of associated infinites. Jane Jacobs ‘ The Death and Life of Great American Cities, released in 1961, was moreover a accelerator for involvement in constructs of built-up design. She critiqued the Modernism of CIAM, and claimed that the publically ownerless infinites conceived by the ‘city in the park ‘ thought of Modernists were one of the major causes for the increasing offense rate. She contended instead than for an ‘eyes on the street ‘ attack to village designing, and the Resurrection of major public infinite case in points, for illustration roads and rectangles, in the conceive of metropoliss. Kevin Lynch ‘s The Image of the City of 1961 was furthermore seminal to the action, particularly with considers to the impression of discernability, and the lessening of built-up conceive thought to five fundamental constituents – paths, vicinities, margins, nodes, landmarks. He moreover made good liked the usage of mental charts to groking the town, other than the planar personal expert designs of the predating 50 old ages. Other outstanding plants encompass Rossi ‘s Architecture of the City ( 1966 ) , Venturi ‘s Learning from Las Vegas ( 1972 ) , Colin Rowe ‘s Collage City ( 1978 ) , and Peter Calthorpe ‘s The Following American Metropolis ( 1993 ) . Rossi presented the impressions of ‘historicism ‘ and ‘collective memory ‘ to built-up conceive, and suggested a ‘collage metaphor ‘ to gain the montage of new and older types inside the indistinguishable built-up infinite. Calthorpe, on the other manus, evolved a pronunciamento for sustainable built-up home by intermediate denseness home, every bit good as a conceive manual for building new towns in understanding with his impression of Transit Oriented Development ( TOD ) . Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson in â€Å" The Social Logic of Space † ( 1984 ) presented the impression of Space Syntax to calculate how action patterns in towns would help to built-up verve, anti-social demeanor and f iscal success. The attraction of these plants produced in periods for illustration ‘historicism ‘ , ‘sustainability ‘ , ‘livability ‘ , ‘high value of built-up constituents ‘ , etc. go mundane idiom in the country of built-up planning.

Diffusion practical essays

Diffusion practical essays Experiment to demonstrate how the rate of diffusion is affected by distance We set up a glass tube horizontally with a clamp and stand, and placed red litmus paper at 5cm intervals for 50cm. we then soaked some cotton wool in ammonium hydroxide solution, and placed it at one end of the glass tube. We put rubber bungs in both ends, and started a stopwatch to time how long it took each piece of litmus paper to turn entirely blue from the ammonia gas. To ensure the experiment was reliable, we waited until the piece of litmus paper turned entirely blue before writing down the time. Also, we accurately measured the distance between each piece of litmus paper using a metre ruler. Distance of first end of litmus paper from cotton wool Time taken for litmus paper to turn entirely blue(in seconds) 5cm 10cm15cm20cm25cm30cm35cm40cm45cm 204590140210290395538704 The graph has a clear upward sloping curve showing the correlation between the distance of the litmus paper from the cotton soaked in ammonium hydroxide and the amount of time taken for the litmus paper to turn blue. This is because as the particles of ammonium hydroxide collide with each other and become forced further out during their diffusion through the air in the tube. However, the particles that move further are less concentrated and not as close together, so there is less collisions between the molecules, so they dont move out as quickly. This represents itself as the curve in the graph. Diffuses from high concentration to low concentration because of concentration gradient. NH4 and OH ions diffuse. Collide with air particles. Diffusion due to random kinetic movement. ...

Alumni Tracking System

To provide a systematic method to monitor and track the level of engagement and satisfaction the alumni body has for USED. Survey will provide more than a simple percentage satisfied, it will provide diagnostic information about what is driving satisfaction and engagement, where there are strengths and weaknesses, and what level of engagement the alumni are reporting. The data would be broken down and analyzed by segment (class year, geographic location, activity level, etc. ).On an on-going basis (biennially), this measurement tool will provide USED and the Alumni Association with a old, fact-based means of identifying where progress is being made and where deficiencies need to be addressed. Method: Online survey conducted by sending an email invitation to email addresses of USED alumni. Survey would be conducted on a biennial basis. Survey window would be open for approximately 2-3 weeks when alumni could respond and provide their ratings. Rather than expend resources to develop a survey tool, the Alumni Office will contract with a professional, independent organization utilizing an existing survey. The use of the independent organization will give additional weight to the survey. Using a survey that has been developed over the past decade by alumni professionals around the country will help with benchmarking toward the development of best practices. Identifying trends and motivators will help target programming and communications more effectively, deepening the level of engagement with alumni. Sharing this data with administrators, faculty, and other staff across campus will help in the effort to increase awareness Of, and build support for, alumni engagement efforts.

The Corporations Production Target Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Corporations Production Target - Assignment Example In line with the purpose of this memo, the beer making process in the application is attached as well as the modified process recommended thereon. Before the main issue is handled, an introduction is done regarding the cause of the problem and then the explanation follows in the inclusion of the recommendations. Saccharine Beers Corporation deals in the production and marketing of malted beers. Currently, the plant supplies the beer market with six million bottles of malted beer on a daily basis, which translates into half a million bottles of beer every hour. The capacity of the plant can slightly be increased to about three hundred bottles of beer every hour in a high season. On a low season, the Corporation reduces production up to a hundred thousand bottles every hour. The low season’s production is set so low, to ensure that production caters for just plant costs than to produce without market sensitivity. During the current high season, the plant expanded its production capacity to hit half a million bottles of beer. Production increments were in line with the increased market coverage and promotional strategies embarked in the recent past. Positive results have been confirmed by the Sales Department, with an all-time high sales record being posted. Enthusiasm within the Corporation’s operations has prompted future projections currently made to illustrate a capacity outstretch, both by demand and production. At Saccharine Beers, the production of malted beers is simplified to enable a process that is as close to the natural brewing process as possible. As illustrated in the flowchart, five main production stages are involved in the entire beer making process. For hygiene regulations compliance, the corporation simplifies the process as much as possible for quality assurance (Cobbett, 22). The main processes are briefly discussed, stating the problem involved and strengths.

Mr. Smiths case in an ethical, legal and moral perspective Essay

Mr. Smiths case in an ethical, legal and moral perspective - Essay Example From this paper, it is clear that the mental health act allows that the service provider can make decisions on behalf of the patient provided that it is proven that the patient is mentally incapable to make choices. For this reason, a discussion between the involved parties resulted to an agreed decision.To conclude the task, it is clear that there are situations where the legal and ethical guidelines interact to help an individual to make a decision. At the same point, there are similarly clear variances between law and ethics that results to dilemmas. The practitioner, therefore, needs to be aware of the resemblances and the variances and in what way they affect the decisions made. It is necessary to remember the theories and moral principles that guide the moral obligations to be taken. Law is a key consideration when effecting any decision and must be considered in all ways. Law is different from the moral principles because it is enforceable in a law court while moral decisions are not backed by any enforcement authority (Benbassat&Baumal, 2012).It is also necessary to set up methods that guide the decision-making process to hasten the process and save time which is key when it comes to saving a life. Having mentioned all the above, I believe that if all health practitioners have diverse information concerning the different case they are faced with in their daily practice as a dilemma, they will be in a better position to deliver quality services to the patients at any time.

Data Envelopment Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Envelopment Analysis - Essay Example Their job involves selecting the efficient player for the match out of the whole team. Coaches tend to have problems in choosing the first eleven players to field for crucial football matches. Most football teams have more than twenty players yet; only fourteen players—eleven active players and three substitutes take up the slots. To beat this dilemma, the coaching staffs have come up with various strategies that help them to determine the finest players for the crucial matches facing the teams. For a player, good performance in the preference list for the coaching staff means that he is able to deliver for the team. The overall performance for any team relies solely on the effort of each player because a win for any football team, is an ultimate goal for any football team in the world. The Castrol EDGE index is the latest common technology that analyses and ranks each player’s performance in a football match. The ranking system is a creation of Castrol, which initially was to rank the players at the Men’s club association football under the sponsorship of FIFA. The system considers the duration for the players actions and the power of the opposition team. Currently, the Castrol EDGE index is used to rank the performance of all the footballer players participating in the top five Europe’s leagues in the football season, 12-month period. To build the Castrol Index Ranking, the first step involves finding the â€Å"Castrol Index Score† for every player in each tournament, league, or Championship league match. The second step is to weigh the Castrol Index Score to get the â€Å"Castrol Ranking Points†. The final step, the cumulative points, earned in each match played in the tournament or 90 the divided by the total number of minutes the player played multiply league. The Castrol Index Ranking = {(90 x the Total Castrol Ranking Points) / Total minutes played} During the UEFA EURO 2012, for each player, the Castrol EDGE Ind ex considered every save; pass, tackle, and shot to determine the effect of such actions on the respective team’s probability to either score or concede a goal. The number of points that a player receives depends on the zone of the action within the pitch. So are the number of points awarded for blocked shots, intercessions, and tackles. As for attempts to score, the Castrol EDGE index points to the attacking player but penalizes the goalkeeper conceding the goal. Deductions results for the fouls that arise. Table 1 The Table beside shows the top ten Players of the UEFA EURO 2012 according to the Castrol EDGE index ranking. The ranking scales down the magnitude of prowess the football player ever displayed during the UEFA EURO 2012 event alongside the rest of the players. The ranking also determines a player’s ability to perform in the game of football, and further helps to estimate the market value of a football player during the inter-clubs transfer window. The coach ing staffs around the world easily rely on the Castrol EDGE index to prepare line-ups for various matches ahead of their football teams. Good rankings for a player tend to boost the confidence in the coaching staffs for their players, a fact that can be justified since each player earns a point for every complete action during the football match, which also reflects the player’s ability

The Opera Singer As An Actor Music Essay

The Opera Singer As An Actor Music Essay In this dissertation emphasis will be placed on the marriage of three concepts namely: good voice singing technique, musicality and acting for opera (building the character) in the training of a successful opera singer hereafter referred to as the singer-actor. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the essential skills that needed to be acquired by the modern opera singer. The rationale therefore, is to provide guidelines for the minimum requirements for the training of the opera singer as singer-actor. Taking into consideration the demands on opera singers when taking part in an opera, the study was guided by the following question: How does the knowledge of good voice (a sound singing technique), musicality and building a character role benefit the opera singers performance? Evolving from the main research question, the following sub questions were formulated: What is a good voice within classical voice training methods? How can musicality contribute to an opera singers performance? What are the demands to build a character role? General and specific aims: The general aim of this study was to determine how the knowledge of a good voice, musicality and building a character role, benefit the opera singers performance. Specific aims: The specific aims of this study are: to define a good voice To define musicality to determine how building a character role contribute to an opera singers performance. Due to the limited nature of this study, only a literature study will be done. As an extension of this study, the researcher would follow an interpretivist paradigm with a qualitative approach which strives to comprehend the important skills an opera singer should have according to contemporary South African opera singers and their view of the importance of acting ability for successful opera. The study will be conceptualised in terms of and based on the following frameworks: The voice Musicality Acting ability Relationship between music and text For opera to retain its artistic relevance to, and impact on, the fabric of arts and culture, it can be argued that there are three fundamental elements to the performance of opera which need to be addressed, and which require academic input (herformulering), discipline regarding musicality as well as focussed tuition and practise (sweeping statement. Wie se so?). In a world of ever-increasing media coverage of artistic and musical artists and events, together with an ever-increasing sophistication of a wider audience, it is becoming increasingly challenging for the artist, and in particular, the opera singer, to be successful in his career. Key to this challenge is that the opera singer is left with no choice other than to develop skills beyond the purely technical expertise. It is imperative that, in order to be extraordinary and thereby successful, the opera singer has to master three co-functioning disciplines, namely the good voice, musicianship and acting ability (sit bronne in). Singers tend to take acting classes separate from their vocal training in order to improve their acting skills. However, they mostly discover that taking classes in spoken drama and dialogue helps up to a certain point, but when going back to singing opera, the acting strategies learnt in the drama class do not always migrate to the performance of the aria (cf. Bean: 2007:167). This lack of transition is a result of the unique relationship between the music and the stage character in opera, which is not taken into account in the training of purely spoken (non-musical) drama. Thus, the one aspect that separates the acting of a spoken drama from that of opera is the music that is performed by instruments and the human voice. (Bron) (Prof. Jak: kommentaar is dat dit self evident is, of vroeà «r genoem moet word). The argument specific to this dissertation is that the preparation and development of the opera singer (or singer-actor) has to facilitate three equally important, inter-linked and overlapping platforms of the Good Voice (singing technique), the discipline of musicianship and The Ability to Act (building the character). ( dink dit is aan die begin gesà ª) In order to deliver a masterful opera performance, the singer actor needs to depict a character successfully. The opera singer needs to be a singer-actor who has mastered the following three pillars (Good Voice, Musicianship and Acting Ability) of the craft and art of Opera Performance. Each of these pillars deserves equal attention with particular reference to the input, mentoring/development and training curriculum of the opera singer (Bron) Further to the intention of the dissertation, it will be important that there are appropriate and comprehensive definitions of these three equally important elements that are based on the relevant literature and which build on the existing body of knowledge in this field. Specifically, this study will integrate the definitions of A Good Voice, Musicianship and Acting Ability in terms applicable to the Singer-Actors optimal performance of Opera. Furthermore, in this dissertation emphasis will be placed on singing techniques, the elements of musicianship, and various relevant acting strategies in the training of a successful opera singer. This dissertation will also include the identification of relevant areas of scholarly attention and future academic research that will add to the existing body of knowledge in this arena. An in-depth literature study of relevant and contemporary sources on these topics have been done to guide the research. Method of research The following methods of research were used to answer the research questions: Consulting of the following databases: JSTOR, Google Scholar, Periodical archive online and IIMP; Literature study Interpretation of information and conclusions A study of Largo al factotum from Puccinis Il Barbiere di Seviglia on the basis of the score and recordings, in order to ensure a common understanding of how the study could apply to the aria Before the conceptualized terms will be discussed, a concept clarification of the relevant issues at hand, will be provided. 1.1 Concept clarification The Good Voice / The self-amplified singing voice The good voice can be defined as the ability of the opera singer to project the voice in a way that its heard over and above the full orchestra accompanying the singers. This view correlates with the description of Gilfrey (2007:1) who describes the voice as a classical technique, a manner of singing that projects the voice over a large orchestra in a large theatre. Four elements are essential to produce a sound, namely a vibrating object, a power source to make the object vibrate, a medium through which the vibrations are transmitted and apparatus to receive the vibrations (McKinney,1999:20). The self-amplified singing voice as described by Gilfrey (2007:1) is the single most important element of opera; the one that distinguishes opera not only from spoken drama, but also from rock and pop music, from jazz and from musical theatre (as it is performed today). Optimal Acoustic Output Acoustic output refers to the optimal projection of the voice to enhance the correct and optimal usage of the voice as an instrument. According to Titze (2002: 367 376) mean glottal airflow (or, alternatively, glottal resistance) has been a target for optimising vocal output power in voice therapy and singing training. Glottal airflow refers to the space between the vocal cords (the fleshly parts of the air passage inside the throat) which produce the sound of the voice by fast or slow moments, in which this space is repeatedly opened and closed (Longman, 1980:484). Generator / Breath Management / Breath Breathing is a natural process which begins at birth an ends with death. This is a natural process for which no training is acquired. The rate of breathing is governed by the bodys need for oxygen and needs no conscious controls. The essential difference between breathing to live and breathing to sing, lies in the amount of conscious control exerted (McKinney, 1994: 46). In other words, the breathing process is a spontaneous event for the normal person, but a skill that needs to be mastered by the opera singer to optimise breath control and support for the voice. Vibrator The word vibration of the voice refers to The function of the vibrator is to set the column of still air in the throat and also that in the windpipe in vibration. The vibratory element of the larynx consists of a highly skilful compromise on the part of nature which enable the opera singer to phonate without interfering with the breathing capacity (Kelsey, 1950: 66). This vibration is a function of the larynx; a device similar to the diaphragm of a sound-system speaker, is the anatomical device through which the sound is created while simultaneously allowing the singer to continue breathing through the same gap (or slit) by which the airflow is controlled. This control is the output of extensive skill learning, disciplined practise and deliberate conscious control (Kelsey, 1950: 66-67). Structure and Function Resonator / Supraglottic Activity The word resonator refers to an apparatus for increasing the resonance of sound (Longman, 1980:942). For the purpose of this study, the word resonance can be defined as secondary vibrations produced by sound waves from another vibrating body (Lessac, 1997:13). He also distinguishes between two types of resonance, namely direct or enforsed resonance and indirect or sympathetic resonance. Direct resonance occurs when a vibrating body is placed in direct physical contact with another substance. For the opera singer direct resonance could be the sound resonating with the outer surfaces of your teeth. Indirect resonance occurs when the sound waves of a vibrating body set up vibrations in a substance some distance away. Sympathetic resonance occurs as the vocal sound waves, travelling through air space from the vocal folds, make contact with the hard pallet and then with the nasal bone (Lessac, 1997:13). The ability to resonate can therefore be described as the amplifying of the human voic e. This amplifying can be divided into three sections, including the air contained in the lungs and windpipe, the air contained in the throat and, that contained in the suprapalatal cavity. Each of these can be seen an air-conditioner. Classical Technique (sit nog iets in of haal uit, PL) In popular usage, art or serious music as opposed popular music The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. CHAPTER 2: The Good Voice in Classical Singing Before the good voice can be discussed, the anatomy of voice production needs to be clarified in short. Lessac (1997:14) defines the term voice box of human sound box as the cavity or enclosure where the tone is strengthened, amplified and enriched by resonance and wave reflection. According to Lessac, the voice box comprise two areas: a major adjustable area right above the larynx and the oral cavity and nondadjastable area in the pharynx, the nose, the forehead and adjacent structures. This soundbox can be describe as the singing meganism of which all the parts interdependent of each other, eah of which plays a crucial role in producing the good voice. The good voice as defined in par 1.1 takes years of concentrated training. This focus on singing technique is the primary focus of most singers studies (Gilfrey, 2007:1). A whole voice approach is beneficial for both singer and actor; however actor training programs dont include singing, and vice versa. Acting is becoming increasingly important for the opera singer, but is seldom supported by the prerequisites of theatre voice and movement (Melton Tom, 2003:135). Sà ª nog iets oor hoekom training belangrik is. Singing is both a science and an art. Most teachers have at least some appreciation for a scientific singing method and those who dont often claim to have discovered some long-lost piece of wisdom. This wisdom is generally already incorporated in the teachings of a well-trained singer. There are some fads that come and go but a singer with good technique and access to his or her emotions will please any audience and have a much broader career with greater longevity (Brown, 2004: 97-104). Technique is central to singing opera, but singing is also an art form, and no art form can be realised by the use of technique alone. Merging voice technique, musicality and emotion through competent acting skill is something that must be taught from the very beginning of the Opera Singers development of his/her career. This is because, when occupied in the emotion of the moment, the good voice will acquire nuances that are quintessentially important to conveying the emotional elements of the opera and will thus elevate the singer to a higher level of performance and riveting engagement with the audience. Gebruik onderstaande as daar nog inligting daaroor is, anders voeg saam, PL Every aspect of the voice, used directly of indirectly affects the whole mechanism. For example alignment and breathing are integrally connected to the performers range, resonance and articulation. For this reason, some of the relevant aspects affecting the good voice, will be discussed below. 2.1 Vowel modification Vowel Modification and Primal Sound Christy (1961) means that an important criteria for good singing habits is the homogenic shaping of vowels, in other words, they should sound as if they fit together, the vowels must be consistent with each other. Many professional singers never master the art of even vocal production. This can be ascribed to vocal coaches not fully grasping the concept of vowel placement. When this concept is fully understood it is impossible for a singer to not produce vowels freely and comfortably. In the first volume Christy states that once a single vowel is mastered the singer must focus on uniting the remaining vowels in accordance with that of the first. He means that the different vowels should attain a similar sound without losing its distinctive character. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this is another way of saying vowels have to be equalized by having a common, fundamental tonal characteristic. The fundamental tone of the human voice is the huh sound. According to Christy this sound should be considered the basic reference to vowel placing because the uh sound is the most natural sound that can be produced, as the pharynx is relaxed and in its natural position. Oren C. Brown concurs with Christy, but describes the uh sound as the primal sound: Primal sounds are involuntary. They are the sounds you were born with. In Beijing , Basel or Boston, a babys cry at birth is his primal sound. In 1963, Peter F. Oswald mad a phonetic analysis of the babys cry. He labeled the initial sound as a schwa [Éâ„ ¢], (uh as in about), which linked the cry to a babys first word, mama [mÉâ„ ¢mÉâ„ ¢]. Mama is the first word spoken by babies throughout the whole world. In Korea the word is ama, with the vowel preceding the consonant. (Brown 1998) p. 1 The sound identified by both Brown and Christy can therefore be described as the primal- or natural relaxed sound. As practical advice Brown suggest testing the sound through a range of exploratory exercises: making the huh sound in a short repetitive sequence (as if laughing), or a long relaxed sustained huh (like a sigh). He also suggests sliding the huh up and down the vocal range noting that the sound becomes lighter in the higher range and darker in the lower range. He means that this is natural and advises the singer to note his or her voices natural inclinations. Judith Litante also mentions in Natural Approach to Singing (p32) that the vowels used in Italian forms a basis for the study of vowels in singing. She believes that they are pure. The reason for this is that Italian vowels are a compact basis for both English and other non Latin based languages. In English one finds many diphthongs. She means that employing these pure vowels or primal sound, as previously mentioned would eliminate the distorted pronunciation of diphthongs; for example extending the last syllable when singing say, it becomes sayee or kind becomes kieend. When the vowels are aligned and the vocal structures are in a natural posision, these kinds of distortion is eradicated. 2.2 Breath management Breathing techniques need to be considered holistically and consciously controlled until it becomes an unconscious competence. Sufficient and natural supply of air is needed for voice production. A good posture is an essential part of breathing and should be developed to support the opera singer in his breath management (Brown, 2004:17). This view is supported by Mckinney (1994:46-64) who state that there is a direct and positive correlation between correct posture (diaphragm control, and muscular movements of the chest, back and abdomen) and effective breathing in singing. According to McKinney (1994:48) breathing has four stages, namely a breathing-in period (inhalation), a setting-up-controls period (suspension), a controlled-exhalation period (phonation) and a recovery period. These stages should be repeated till the opera singer has the ability to go through the stages unconsciously. This process can be compared to the person who learns to drive a motorcar and has to concentrate on each step till he gets the ability to perform all the steps automatically. For the opera singer this refers to preparing to breathe, preparing for the phrase, physically singing the phrase and recovering in order for the process to repeat. 2.3 The vibrator 2.4 The resonator 2.5 The articulator Classical Opera training and singing versus Singing pop or secular music The single most important element of opera, the one that distinguishes opera not only from spoken drama, but also from rock and pop music, from jazz and from musical theatre (as it is performed today), is the self-amplified singing voice. This is a voice produced with a classical technique, a manner of singing that projects the voice over a large orchestra in a large theatre. The learning of the singing technique this voice requires, takes years of concentrated training. This focus on singing technique is the primary focus of most singers studies. CHAPTER 3: Musicianship How the Classical Singer Accesses Demonstrates Musicianship To acquire musicianship a high level of artistic interpretation of songs and knowledge of repertoire is required through years of training. One can not over emphasize the importance of musicianship. It is simply not suffice for a musician to have a musical ear, theoretical and musical knowledge, play an instrument or respond emotionally to music. The artist must be a musician i.e. a singer (Christy Vol 1: 7). According to Miller (Principles of singing p1) a singer can acquire musicianship through classes, studying an instrument (ex. Piano), performing in choirs or through private study and the self-exploration of music. Even though a singer that has exceptional vocal talent, he should receive professional music training and the participation in solo or choral ensembles especially in the first year of study. Many vocal teachers might disagree with this statementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A singer with a natural talent and an ear for music must be able to imitate sounds and pitches and not just h ear this internally, for example; in a singing lesson the student listens to the vocal teacher and then imitates the vocal sound of the teacher. The same principle applies with rhythm. A sound inner sense of rhythm will contribute to the holistic musicianship of the singer. Besides musicianship, there is also the interpretation of music. According to Christy (1961: Vol 2:110) Interpretation is the emotional and artistic portrayal; the summation of all music. According to Christy (1961:Vol2:110) Musicianship is the science of music and interpretation . A good singer should be familiar with all styles of music and song literature. The singer must be trained in a style and in the interpretation of songs in a particular style. A song has a style that must be established and followed through to the end. It is possible for a singer to become comfortable with a particular style that he can do well in, but he will not realise that what he steers clear of could be very valuable for his musical development. Therefore the teacher should analyse, guide and discuss the songs with the singer, in order to identify the accompanying details of expression. (Christy 1961:Vol2:110-111). The basis of musicianship include the abilities to read and interpret rhythms and intervals, playing the piano accompaniments, acquiring knowledge of the basics of theory and harmony, music and musicians in terms of vocal and instrumental style, schools and song literature. (Christy 1961:Vol1:7) According to Christy 1961:Vol:109, (quoting Curt Atler in the art of accompanying and coaching: 1965: 219) interpretation may be defined as the singers act of expressing and communicating meaning, mood and epic, a comedy, or just an expression set to music all in capsule form. To interpret music is to express or reproduce it intrinsically by the singer, in the score. Due to the limitations in music notation, it is the responsibility of the singer to interpret and express the fine distinction between tonal colour, tempo and intensity of the composers interpretation. The expression can be found in the text and in the setting. According to Christy 1961:Vol2:112, when the same song is sung by two sensitive artists, it is highly unlikely that the general style, tone, colour and mood will be markedly different; however, dynamics, tempo, word accentuation, and innumerable details often are. Thus, the keys must be studied by the singer in order to express and keep the interpretation on trac k. The two requirements for interpretation include the fidelity to the composers intent and that it must contain an essentially creative element of the interpreters own making, illuminating the subject with fresh light. (Christy 1961:Vol1:190). Furthermore, the expression must be honest, sincere, simple and direct, which means that nothing must be added or placed over the music that will distract attention from the work itself. Also, the singer must reproduce the music with insight, imagination and vitality in his own unique way it must not be copied from others. Interpretation has four main factors including appropriate and fervent mood or emotion, eloquent diction, adequate technique and a natural, sincere stage presence. (Christy 1961:Vol1:190). EMBELLISHMENTS Embellishments comprise of, but are not limited to the appoggiatura, acciaccatura, mordent, gruppetto or turn, trill and the portamento. These are techniques that are of vital importance in the interpretation of music. In the appoggiatura, the singer usually has to apply his own taste due to its indeterminate value. There are some accented notes in a melody that form the bass of the intervals since they lean on the next note to which they descend. The appoggiatura was used by singers long before it was written down, because of the enjoyable sound and is often absent in the score. (Shakespeare: 115). The acciaccatura and mordent is different from the appoggiatura as it is written with a stroke through the stem and tail. This does not have an affect on the value of the next note but it is sung much quicker. The acciaccatura is usually a small note where as the appoggiatura is written as a whole note. (Shakespeare: 115). The gruppetto or turn is a group of three or four notes. If the higher interval is a tone, the lower tone is a semitone and if both intervals are semitones it is known as a chromatic turn. (Shakespeare: 115). Sung in rapid alternation with the note of the scale above it, the trill is an embellishment that has a principle note that belongs to the harmony of the composition. A trill is usually finished with a turn. (Shakespeare: 115). The portamento carries the voice from one interval to the next, then passing lightly through the intervening tones. It also indicates a phrase and the Legato rendering of a passage. (Behnke: The technique of singing: 99) Legato Slur Intonation Colour in the voice timbre (emotion) Following the conductor Discuss the concept of DISCIPLINE Technical aspects According to Hayward (see 1994:205) style can be interpreted in many different ways. Interpretation can be defined as communicating understanding. Interpretation can best be expressed in a persons own language according to James Nolan in his book Interpretation, Techniques and exercises. Expression and conveying of meaning, feeling and idea through sound can be defined as interpretation (Christy 1967:109). CHAPTER 4: Acting Within the South African context, this integration of The Good Voice, Musicianship and Acting is deficient. There are various reasons for this lack of attention given to the development of acting skills with singer-actors. One is that there are not many qualified tutors in South African institutions that combine the field of acting and musical performance. Another reason is the absence of appropriate development programs and relevant material in curriculums. As a result, there is less interest from students to pursue a career as a singer-actor. In support of this argument, Knobel and Steinert (2002:155) claim that the acting teacher should be just as important to you as your singing teacher and can be of great help to you throughout your singing career. Interestingly enough, contrary to this understanding are the arguments of authors such as Bean, Goldovsky and Balk, who posit that acting classes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are very often of little benefit to the singing actor Bean (2007:167). These two opposing views illustrate that there are no consensus among academics about the importance of acting skills (al dan nie) of the opera singer. This statement is underpinned by the neglect of some higher education institutions offering voice training, where little or no training in acting is provided. In the quotation below, Bandelj truly captures the spontaneous physiological, psychological and emotional reactions which authentic acting can bring about in the actors performance. When a singer acts and sings in a mechanical way, it often comes across as disjointed or in some cases ridiculous. It is the emotion that breathes life into the song and makes it relevant, connecting with the audience and transcending facial contortions (Bandelj, 2003:393-394). To avoid that, an actor should utilise the all the involuntary muscle contractions that emotions evoke in the body, either by recalling their own past experiences or imagining themselves personally going through what the character is experiencing. This makes the whole action more believable. Gilfrey, Bonavia agrees that the ability to act, though considerably under-estimated, is not the only or the most necessary qualification for the operatic stage. Acting in opera is a comparatively modern accomplishment (Bonavia, 1915:79). This observation, by Bonavia, pays homage to the deeply rooted tradition of well-respected opera singers being famous for their magnificence of voice; but of their skill in acting there is hardly any mention to be found anywhere (Bonavia, 1915:79). ( Dink hier aan enige ou opera wat opgevoer is en waar daar slegs aandag aan die sang gegee is) Ultimately, Bonavia contradicts (to some extent) the previous argument by identifying an exception. That is Chaliapin who, according to Bonavia, provides the audience with ever-changing shades of facial expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the whole character left vividly impressed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chaliapin is the ideal actor (Bonavia, 1915:80). In terms of the attempts made at acting within the Opera world, there is a history and tradition of operatic gesture and the surprising persistence of melodramatic effects and gestural overstatement (Smart, 2004:26). While this is certainly applicable to the Nineteenth Century, we need to be cognisant of how this tradition of gestural overstatement may be (erroneously) assumed to be the only acting required of the singer actor in the twenty-first Century. That is, even in the times of Verdi, the role of gesture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (grew) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as formal conventions loosened (Smart, 2004:136). The appropriate question therefore is, to what extent have formal conventions loosened further, particularly in a world hallmarked by electronic media and social networking? As indicated in the introduction, Television and DVDs, have provided unrestricted access to Opera to an ever-increasing sophisticated and demanding audience in the entertainment space. This view is further reinforced by the writing of RePass (1953:10-18) who states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(PL). Building the Character The creation of a character role by the singer-actor is the basis and starting-point of the combination of singing and acting. While it cannot be doubted that an excellent singing technique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (viz., The Good Voice and Musicianship) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is essential to the success of any opera singer, other skills required for a convincing performance, among them acting, are often given less attention by singers and their teachers (Gilfrey, 2007:1). Innate talent is not the sole factor as the ability of a singer-actor to create a character role is severely impacted by the cultural beliefs of what acting is and also how it is measured. When keeping this in mind it becomes evident that the creation of a character, especially in the case of singer-actors, are based on the teachings of Konstantin Stanislavsky better known as the method acting technique. The method acting technique is an approach that the Russian actor developed to whose approach stresses the internal preparation of actors (Bandelj, 2003:393). This focus differs from that of the other schools of acting namely The English School of Acting, The Bertold Brechts epic theatre and Japanese Noh Drama. The interaction experienced by the singer-actors on stage and the director with the constant feedback assures a more lifelike portrayal. The fundamental driver of method acting is the wish to reproduce reality. All (acted) behaviours and interactions need to be seen to be psychologically, emotionally and socially authentic and plausible, while concurrently acting as an integrating mechanism to the plot and to the other cast members. Drawing on his/her own experiences and observations the actor needs to appear spontaneous while using objects in both a symbolic (or metaphorical way) and a literal way (Bandelj, 2003:393). This, and the additional use of props to facilitate the portrayal of the situation, are all tied together by the passion of the actor and the pursuit of truth as art imitates life or indeed verisimilitude (Bandelj, 2003:394). The quality of the voice has much more to do with the correct training and technique, rather than the singers natural endowment, especially later in life as the singer ages. *The W questions to build a character role (also mentioned in the PowerPoint) Who? What? Where? When? Why? And HOW? Contributing Elements to Building a

A Sociological Approach To The Simpsons :: essays research papers

I’m going to start off by saying that until now I never actually thought there was a difference in the way those cartoon characters (the Simpsons) were approached, depending on their gender (not that I watched them too often or anything). First of all I’ll have to break the characters in two groups, because you cannot compare old people with children. So the first group will be composed of Lisa and Bart (the children) and the second one of Marge and Homer (the parents). Just by taking a glance at the show you see that it portrays the typical image of the â€Å"traditional American family† of the last decade: mom stays home to cook, clean and take care of the kids, while the husband provides for the family. The little boy is very violent doing a lot of â€Å"cool† things, and of course never studies, while the little girl is very quiet and smart. There are certain traces of stereotypes in almost all the activities in which the characters engage and that seems to be meant in a funny way. For example, in one episode, Lisa and Bart are taken hostages by a prison escapist in a zeppelin. Using a computer inside the zeppelin you could write on an electronic board outside the zeppelin. Lisa discovers that and writes a message to let everybody know that they are in there and in the middle of it she puts these flashing red hearts... I wonder if they would have done that if Bart were the one writing the message! This other time Bart gets himself a fake ID, rents a car and goes away for spring break with some friends (he of course lies to his parents); meanwhile Lisa stays home and has fun by going to work with her dad. What’s the message here? ‘Boys go off and do crazy things, but girls must stay home, close to the family.’ Bart is always the one who has all the adventures and does all the exciting funny things and Lisa is the smart quiet one always getting him out of trouble. She never holds any grudges, while Bart is mean to her most of the times and always gets his revenge; in other words ‘girls, you be silent, boys have the right to do anything.’ But enough of the youngsters, lets talk about the adults too. As I’ve said before, Marge is a housewife; she never directly disagrees with Hommie, her husband, and she’s always the one spoiling the children.

Effects of Equality in “Harrison Bergeron”

Kyle Chandler Professor T. Payne English 1102 4 February 2013 Effects of equality in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† written by Kurt Vonnegut focuses on the idea of physical and mental equality, which is controlled by the government in the year 2081; the strong are forced to wear handicaps which hinder their abilities, the intellectual are forced to be unintelligent due to a radio transmitter that won’t allow the individual to think. Vonnegut uses satirical tone and places this story in the future, to show how total equality would not work.Not only does total equality sound absurd it removes the ability for individuals to be different. Individuality means having a quality that separates one individual from another. This means that by having total equality, there is a loss of individuality. In Kurt Vonnegut’s story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, Vonnegut’s satirical, dystopian society in which everyone is average, presents the id ea that handicaps that constitute equality also eliminates individuality, along with self-worth. Throughout â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† every member of society is equal. With the use of handicaps no person can be above average intellect, strength or even appeal.Vonnegut uses word choice that promotes this society is a satire creation early in the story. â€Å"The Year Was 2081, and everybody was finally equal† (Vonnegut 7). By throwing in the adjective ‘finally’, Vonnegut claims that it should have happened sooner, yet as the story goes on it becomes obvious that nothing is attractive about total equality. He opens the second paragraph by introducing the two main characters, George and Hazel. Vonnegut also promotes his satire when the main characters keep losing train of thought due to the fact that George has a handicap that keeps him from thinking too much and Hazel is of average intelligence. There were tears on Hazel’s cheeks, but she’d forg otten for the moment what they were about† (Vonnegut 7). Having the ability to cry and then no longer remembering the reasoning for it is not only below average intelligence, but also inhumane. By showing that the Hazel does not even have the intelligence to remember something that brings enough emotion to produce tears, Vonnegut presents how these handicaps could not possibly be an improvement to the future because to be truly equal you have to be the same as the least intelligent, least strong, and least attractive.He also uses a mocking tone when referring to George’s son Harrison. In the story George starts to think â€Å"about his abnormal son who [is] in jail† but cannot think about it long due to the mental handicap (9). The author uses the word ‘abnormal’ satirically because Harrison â€Å"is a genius and an athlete† and way above average in every manner(10). The use of satire in Vonnegut’s story promotes that handicaps eliminat e individuality by making each character the same. By creating total equality in this society, it abolishes the self-worth of the individuals.People gain self-worth by having a quality about them that makes them superior to others, whether it is their intelligence, a hobby they are good at, or a skill they have acquired. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† it is no longer possible to have superior qualities and Vonnegut shows this when the main characters are watching a dance recital on television. Hazel states that the dance was â€Å"nice† yet in reality â€Å"they weren’t really very good – no better than anyone else would have been, anyway† (8). This shows that even if the dancers were talented they could not be proud of their talents or display it due to the handicaps.With no reason for individuals to be proud of themselves there is no longer a need for humans to grow. This normality not only ruins dancing as an art but also ruins all other forms of a rt too. When the musicians play in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† it is average until the protagonist Harrison, comes in and â€Å"strip[s] them of their handicaps† for a short amount of time (12). The ability to be expressive and different is one of the sole reasons behind art when it comes to musicians and dancers. Artists lose all self-worth that comes with their talent when they can no longer express it.What is the point in developing a skill, if the handicap on it is just going to be increased? Similarly the individual’s absence of self-worth is mainly due to the vacancy of individuality. Handicaps controlling peoples mental and physical ability removes individuality for every human being. With individuality being a character quality that distinguishes them from others, people no longer have the any qualities that separate them from others. Vonnegut shows this with the main character George, even though â€Å"his intelligence [is] way above normal,† George has â€Å"a little mental handicap in his ear† (7).Instead of having his intelligence which sets him apart from the normal members of society, the oppressive society that yearns for equality has diminished his individuality. Throughout the whole story there is only one hopeful scene in which individuality is achieved. Harrison Bergeron, the outcast who breaks the law by not using handicaps when he is incredibly intelligent, strong, and good looking, breaks out of jail and gives the audience a small glimpse of hope. He goes on public television and exclaims that he is â€Å"the new emperor† and that he is â€Å"a greater ruler than any man who ever lived† (12).Even though Harrison is a bad guy towards other characters, he stands for good in the story because he is the only character with individuality and the ability to remove equality. This glimpse of hope does not last long though because the Handicapper General, the head of the police force, comes in and kill s George. The satirical tone in Kurt Vonnegut’s story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† demonstrates that handicaps throughout the story are not actually an improvement, because they remove the individual’s ability to distinguish themselves from others.The restrictions that are placed on people hinder their intellect, strength, and appeal, keeping everyone equal but at the same time, displaying a lack of freedom, self-worth, and individuality. Vonnegut’s satire tone also exaggerates the idea of equality being a good thing, showing that total equality violates human rights. By setting â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† in the future, Vonnegut shows how total equality would be undesirable to the audience. Works Cited Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† 1961. Welcome to the Monkey House. New York: Dial Trade Paper Backs, 2010. 7-14. Print.

Humans & ability Essay

Humans’ most important ability is our ability to communicate through spoken language. The ability of humans to speak makes us stand out in the animal kingdom, according to many philosophers and scientists. It is just natural for humans to desire to know how we developed the ability of using language in communicating. This paper focuses on how the human language evolved. Through the comparative studies of the apes with the human language, it provided information to humans when the necessity for the language structure was developed. INTRODUCTION Study of Primates Communication Abilities. Since the ‘homo sapiens’ have been considered as the human’s cousin, the language of the apes have been studied. Some believes that the human language evolved earlier than them. The American Sign Language or ASL has been taught to a number of apes. Different approaches were also used from 1970s for some species of apes to be trained and taught disciplines of communication. Comparison of the Primate and Human Communication Abilities. Human children’s development of their language was compared to the studies made on different forms of primates. It was evident on human children that their development comes slowly as they grow older. Children in the earliest age start with a single word utterance. At fifteen months old of a child, utterance of two words comes easier. Protosyntatic structures in the language development of children come next with longer word utterances. At this stage, noun phrases were observed in the language structure too. This kind of language development on children is comparatively the same with many primates studied from 1970s to present. CONCLUSION The ability of primates to communicate with protolanguage may be a sign that apes can actually understand, learn, and communicate. However, in many instances where primates were trained and disciplined, it is also important to consider that none of the subjects were able to be taught to verbally speak. Moreover, primate language studies have never showed any language exhibitions from the primates in the wild. The protolanguage development on the human children may be a similarity on both but the primates lack the gestural complex in humans. Therefore, this comparison shows that the humans have the natural linguistic ability and the primates do not. WORKS CITED William O’Grady, et al. (1997). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition. New York : Adison Wesley Longman. Pg. 586. Savage-Rumbaugh, S. , Shanker, S. , & Taylor, T. (1998). Apes, Language and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. Deacon, T. W. (1989). The Neural Circuitry Underlying Primate Calls and Human Language. Human evolution, 4, 367-401.